Mysteries

As Lord Wilmore is posting about ancient cosmology and temple themes in Alma 12, among other things, my mind goes back to a scripture we have discussed before

9 And now Alma began to expound these things unto him, saying: It is given unto many to know the mysteries of God; nevertheless they are laid under a strict command that they shall not impart only according to the portion of his word which he doth grant unto the children of men, according to the heed and diligence which they give unto him.

10 And therefore, he that will harden his heart, the same receiveth the lesser portion of the word; and he that will not harden his heart, to him is given the greater portion of the word, until it is given unto him to know the mysteries of God until he know them in full.

11 And they that will harden their hearts, to them is given the lesser portion of the word until they know nothing concerning his mysteries; and then they are taken captive by the devil, and led by his will down to destruction. Now this is what is meant by the chains of hell. (Alma 12)

I want to focus on the word, mysteries, this time. It is found once in each of these three verses. Considering the temple themes in Alma 12-13, this quote from Hugh Nibley is interesting:

In a recent and rather sensational work, Morton Smith demonstrates at length that the word mystery, as used by the first Christians, usually refers to ordinances. He duly notes that Judaism itself was an ancient “mystery religion” in which the rites of circumcision and passover were “mysteries,” and that such early and orthodox Christian writers as Clement of Alexandria “think of Jesus as a ‘hierophant,’ a teacher of mysteries.” As Smith sums it up, “This was the mystery of the kingdom—the mystery rite by which the kingdom was entered,” i.e., the ordinances of initiation. (Hugh Nibley, “The Message of the Joseph Smith Papyri”, 515)

It should be added that Morton Smith's work is disputed and scholars disagree about the possible meaning of "mysteries" in relation to ordinances. But I don't think the point is that "mystery" always refers to an ordinance, but that there is a clear relation and one possible meaning depending on context. At least it makes sense to me that the sacred ordinances anciently were viewed as mysteries of God that were only available for and understood by the faithful. In Greek, mystery (musterion) comes from mueo, which is related to initiatory rites. Of course the Nephites did not speak Greek but this relation might go back to the ancient Israelites as the quote indicates. In this context it makes sense that Alma goes on to talk about ordinances later in his sermon.

8 Now they were ordained after this manner—being called with a holy calling, and ordained with a holy ordinance, and taking upon them the high priesthood of the holy order, which calling, and ordinance, and high priesthood, is without beginning or end...

16 Now these ordinances were given after this manner, that thereby the people might look forward on the Son of God, it being a type of his order, or it being his order, and this that they might look forward to him for a remission of their sins, that they might enter into the rest of the Lord. (Alma 13)

A natural question to ask is then: If those who know the mysteries of God (like Alma) are strictly commanded to impart only a limited portion according to the heed and diligence of the recipient, why would Alma start lecturing the wicked Ammonihahites about these deeper temple themes? I think the answer is given in Matthew 13:

10 And the disciples came, and said unto him, Why speakest thou unto them in parables?

11 He answered and said unto them, Because it is given unto you to know the mysteries of the kingdom of heaven, but to them it is not given.

12 For whosoever hath, to him shall be given, and he shall have more abundance: but whosoever hath not, from him shall be taken away even that he hath.

13 Therefore speak I to them in parables: because they seeing see not; and hearing they hear not, neither do they understand.

14 And in them is fulfilled the prophecy of Esaias, which saith, By hearing ye shall hear, and shall not understand; and seeing ye shall see, and shall not perceive:

15 For this people’s heart is waxed gross, and their ears are dull of hearing, and their eyes they have closed; lest at any time they should see with their eyes, and hear with their ears, and should understand with their heart, and should be converted, and I should heal them.

16 But blessed are your eyes, for they see: and your ears, for they hear.

The Isaiah quote in verse 15 forms a chiastic pattern with heart, ears and eyes in that order before it is reversed. Even though Alma 12-13 can hardly be called a parable, it is a layered sermon. The plain language is for all to hear and the deeper covenant symbols, presumably only recognized by those among the listeners who were familiar with the temple theology, are reserved to those who had not hardened their hearts but instead opened their eyes and ears. King Benjamin talks about this

And these are the words which he spake and caused to be written, saying: My brethren, all ye that have assembled yourselves together, you that can hear my words which I shall speak unto you this day; for I have not commanded you to come up hither to trifle with the words which I shall speak, but that you should hearken unto me, and open your ears that ye may hear, and your hearts that ye may understand, and your minds that the mysteries of God may be unfolded to your view. (Mosiah 2:9)

These words are spoken right after the description of the people gathering around the temple and as we know, the sermon ends with the people entering into a covenant and receiving a new name.

Nephi also talks about the mysteries of God. As he starts writing on the small plates, he is a middle-aged man reflecting back on his life. This is the very first verse of his account

I, Nephi, having been born of goodly parents, therefore I was taught somewhat in all the learning of my father; and having seen many afflictions in the course of my days, nevertheless, having been highly favored of the Lord in all my days; yea, having had a great knowledge of the goodness and the mysteries of God, therefore I make a record of my proceedings in my days. (1 Nephi 1:1)

He even tells his readers how he first came to know the mysteries of God.

And it came to pass that I, Nephi, being exceedingly young, nevertheless being large in stature, and also having great desires to know of the mysteries of God, wherefore, I did cry unto the Lord; and behold he did visit me, and did soften my heart that I did believe all the words which had been spoken by my father; wherefore, I did not rebel against him like unto my brothers. (1 Nephi 2:16)

In line with Alma's statement, Nephi had a soft heart and was therefore ready to learn about the mysteries of God ("he that will not harden his heart"). His great desires and crying unto the Lord triggered the process. Nephi later advises his readers to follow the same pattern.

18 For he is the same yesterday, today, and forever; and the way is prepared for all men from the foundation of the world, if it so be that they repent and come unto him.

19 For he that diligently seeketh shall find; and the mysteries of God shall be unfolded unto them, by the power of the Holy Ghost, as well in these times as in times of old, and as well in times of old as in times to come; wherefore, the course of the Lord is one eternal round. (1 Nephi 10)

We must seek diligently to have the mysteries of God unfolded unto us. Nephi is talking from experience. Again, this is in line with Alma's statement that the portion of God's mysteries we receive is in accordance with our diligence.

To me, this is related to the "forbidden to write" series. Because of the underlying principles for obtaining knowledge about the mysteries of God, sometimes the prophet can only say this much and then needs to stop. Other times, he will talk with layers of meaning, where only the diligent and initiated with open eyes, ears and hearts can pick up the deeper layers.

"Stretch forth thine hand" -- Part 3 (Book of Mormon)

This post will take us back to continue a series of posts from a few weeks ago on the phrase "stretch forth thy hand."

Part 1: Introduction

Part 2: Old Testament

In today's post, we'll look at how this phrase is used in the Book of Mormon. 

So far, we've seen (in part one) that Nephi subtly compares himself to Moses using this phrase in 1 Nephi 17. In part two, we noted that the underlying Hebrew term 'shalach' is used in Genesis 3 both to describe God send Adam and Eve out of the Garden and to describe why He expelled them -- to prevent them from stretching forth their hand and partaking of the tree of life. 

As is often the case, the Book of Mormon sheds a lot of light on how this phrase relates to the gospel of Jesus Christ. We find this phrase many time in the Book of Mormon, often in the context of calling a people to repentance.  

I've already cited two examples from the Book of Mormon back in part 1.  See Helaman 13:4 and 1 Nephi 17:53.)

Here are a few more examples:

In Jacob 5, the Lord of the vineyard weeps and laments the corruption of his fruit (see verse 41):

47 But what could I have done more in my vineyard? Have I slackened mine hand, that I have not nourished it? Nay, I have nourished it, and I have digged about it, and I have pruned it, and I have dunged it; and I have stretched forth mine hand almost all the day long, and the end draweth nigh. And it grieveth me that I should hew down all the trees of my vineyard, and cast them into the fire that they should be burned. Who is it that has corrupted my vineyard?

As he calls King Noah and his wicked priests to repentance, Abinadi says this:

2 Yea, wo be unto this generation! And the Lord said unto me: Stretch forth thy hand and prophesy, saying: Thus saith the Lord, it shall come to pass that this generation, because of their iniquities, shall be brought into bondage, and shall be smitten on the cheek; yea, and shall be driven by men, and shall be slain; and the vultures of the air, and the dogs, yea, and the wild beasts, shall devour their flesh. (Mosiah 12)

And again:

1 And now, it came to pass that after Abinadi had spoken these words he stretched forth his hand and said: The time shall come when all shall see the salvation of the Lord; when every nation, kindred, tongue, and people shall see eye to eye and shall confess before God that his judgments are just. (Mosiah 16)

Alma-2 and Amulek stretch forth their hands on multiple occasions as they preach repentance:

25 But Amulek stretched forth his hand, and cried the mightier unto them, saying: O ye wicked and perverse generation, why hath Satan got such great hold upon your hearts? Why will ye yield yourselves unto him that he may have power over you, to blind your eyes, that ye will not understand the words which are spoken, according to their truth? (Alma 10)

21 And now it came to pass that when Alma had said these words unto them, he stretched forth his hand unto them and cried with a mighty voice, saying: Now is the time to repent, for the day of salvation draweth nigh; (Alma 13)

7 Therefore he did say no more to the other multitude; but he stretched forth his hand, and cried unto those whom he beheld, who were truly penitent, and said unto them: (Alma 32)

The soldier who smote off the scalp of Nephite dissenter Zerahemnah uses this gesture as he invites the enemy soldiers to lay down their weapons and enter into a covenant (I discussed covenant imagery contained in this chapter in this post):

13 And it came to pass that the soldier who stood by, who smote off the scalp of Zerahemnah, took up the scalp from off the ground by the hair, and laid it upon the point of his sword, and stretched it forth unto them, saying unto them with a loud voice: (Alma 44)

Finally, we see Christ stretching forth His hand twice before "crying" unto the people:

9 And it came to pass that he stretched forth his hand and spake unto the people, saying:

10 Behold, I am Jesus Christ, whom the prophets testified shall come into the world. (3 Nephi 11)

1 And it came to pass that when Jesus had spoken these words unto Nephi, and to those who had been called, (now the number of them who had been called, and received power and authority to baptize, was twelve) and behold, he stretched forth his hand unto the multitude, and cried unto them, saying: Blessed are ye if ye shall give heed unto the words of these twelve whom I have chosen from among you to minister unto you, and to be your servants; and unto them I have given power that they may baptize you with water; and after that ye are baptized with water, behold, I will baptize you with fire and with the Holy Ghost; therefore blessed are ye if ye shall believe in me and be baptized, after that ye have seen me and know that I am. (3 Nephi 12)

There is a definite theme here.  Prophets are an extension of God, sent to fallen man to proclaim repentance. It is also interesting to note that Alma-2 explains the reason why God sent Adam and Eve out of the Garden before they had a chance to partake of the fruit of the tree of life. It was to grant them time and space to repent prior to partaking of the fruit of the tree of life:

2 Now behold, my son, I will explain this thing unto thee. For behold, after the Lord God sent our first parents forth from the garden of Eden, to till the ground, from whence they were taken—yea, he drew out the man, and he placed at the east end of the garden of Eden, cherubim, and a flaming sword which turned every way, to keep the tree of life—

3 Now, we see that the man had become as God, knowing good and evil; and lest he should put forth his hand, and take also of the tree of life, and eat and live forever, the Lord God placed cherubim and the flaming sword, that he should not partake of the fruit—

4 And thus we see, that there was a time granted unto man to repent, yea, a probationary time, a time to repent and serve God.

5 For behold, if Adam had put forth his hand immediately, and partaken of the tree of life, he would have lived forever, according to the word of God, having no space for repentance; yea, and also the word of God would have been void, and the great plan of salvation would have been frustrated. (Alma 42; see also Alma 12:23-24)

What I've learn from these verses is that God always warns His children of the danger of turning away from Him. This is accomplished by messengers, descending from Mount Zion, stretching forth their hand, and calling the covenant people to repentance. 

I believe Jacob summarizes it best when he says:

4 And how merciful is our God unto us, for he remembereth the house of Israel, both roots and branches; and he stretches forth his hands unto them all the day long; and they are a stiffnecked and a gainsaying people; but as many as will not harden their hearts shall be saved in the kingdom of God. (Jacob 6)

We read several times in Isaiah chapters quoted in 2 Nephi the the hand of the Lord is "stretched out still" (see 2 Nephi 19:12, 17, 21; 20:4). I typically see this referenced in a positive sense -- and it surely is a positive thing that we have time and space granted to us to repent and prepare to meet God.  Scholars note that the imagery referred to by Isaiah is actually harsh and threatening. (See this paper by Ann Madsen for a more detailed discussion.) I enjoy the dual nature of this phrase: at the same time a loving invitation to the penitent and a stern reminder to the rebellious. This is yet another manifestation of "the two ways."


In the final installment in this series, we'll look at the Book of Moses. We find there are remarkable and unique example of "stretching forth" of hands during a visionary experience Enoch had with God.

Melchizedek -- Part 3 (the Prince of Peace)

Here are links to part 1 and part 2. I am quoting the same verses multiple times in this series because there are multiple aspects to discuss and we need to focus on one at a time. Here is another item from the JST of Genesis 14 that I have not highlighted yet but want to discuss in this post

33 And now, Melchizedek was a priest of this order; therefore he obtained peace in Salem, and was called the Prince of peace...

36 And this Melchizedek, having thus established righteousness, was called the king of heaven by his people, or, in other words, the King of peace.

Why was Melchizedek called both king of peace and prince of peace? Alma 13 gives a possible clue

But Melchizedek having exercised mighty faith, and received the office of the high priesthood according to the holy order of God, did preach repentance unto his people. And behold, they did repent; and Melchizedek did establish peace in the land in his days; therefore he was called the prince of peace, for he was the king of Salem; and he did reign under his father. (Alma 13:18)

He literally was the king of peace since he was the king of a city named Salem (meaning peace in Hebrew and which most scholars agree was Jerusalem). But since he simultaneously was a king and reigned under his father, he was both king and prince. We know little about Melchizedek but absolutely nothing about his father. We can reasonably assume that he was righteous based on what we know about Melchizedek and the fact that he reigned under him.

But there might be deeper underlying truths to this idea of being a prince of peace. There are three persons in the scriptures that are referred to as prince of peace. In addition to Melchizedek, only Abraham and Jesus Christ get this title. Interestingly, the father/son or king/prince duality is a recurring theme. Notice for instance the extensive use of "father/fathers" in the beginning of the Book of Abraham where Abraham seeks to become a prince of peace

1 In the land of the Chaldeans, at the residence of my fathers, I, Abraham, saw that it was needful for me to obtain another place of residence;

2 And, finding there was greater happiness and peace and rest for me, I sought for the blessings of the fathers, and the right whereunto I should be ordained to administer the same; having been myself a follower of righteousness, desiring also to be one who possessed great knowledge, and to be a greater follower of righteousness, and to possess a greater knowledge, and to be a father of many nations, a prince of peace, and desiring to receive instructions, and to keep the commandments of God, I became a rightful heir, a High Priest, holding the right belonging to the fathers.

3 It was conferred upon me from the fathers; it came down from the fathers, from the beginning of time, yea, even from the beginning, or before the foundation of the earth, down to the present time, even the right of the firstborn, or the first man, who is Adam, or first father, through the fathers unto me.

4 I sought for mine appointment unto the Priesthood according to the appointment of God unto the fathers concerning the seed.

To become a follower of righteousness and prince of peace, Abraham needed to be appointed unto the Priesthood. This priesthood was a patriarchal order, transmitted from father to son, creating kings and princes, like Melchizedek who became the archetype of a holder of this priesthood. In the original language, Abraham, means "father of a multitude".  The wordplay is evident: "In the land of the Chaldeans, at the residence of my fathers, I, Father of a Multitude...sought for the blessings of the fathers".

The only other passage of scripture containing the title "prince of peace" is Isaiah 9:6

For unto us a child is born, unto us a son is given: and the government shall be upon his shoulder: and his name shall be called Wonderful, Counsellor, The mighty God, The everlasting Father, The Prince of Peace.

Again we see the pattern of father and son (implied by prince). We know that Jesus Christ is both the father (in more than one sense) and the son. Some people trip over the oddity of that passage to our modern ears, but I find it beautiful

1 And now Abinadi said unto them: I would that ye should understand that God himself shall come down among the children of men, and shall redeem his people.
2 And because he dwelleth in flesh he shall be called the Son of God, and having subjected the flesh to the will of the Father, being the Father and the Son—
3 The Father, because he was conceived by the power of God; and the Son, because of the flesh; thus becoming the Father and Son—

4 And they are one God, yea, the very Eternal Father of heaven and of earth. (Mosiah 15)

What we have seen so far is that there are three persons with the title, Prince of Peace in the scriptures: Melchizedek, Abraham and Jesus Christ. In each case, there is a father-son theme. I think it has much to do with the priesthood. The Melchizedek Priesthood is not dependent on a tribe like the Levitical Priesthood. It's a pattern of Father-Son family priesthood. Paul spends much of his letter to the Hebrews that this is the priesthood that Jesus came to restore

5 So also Christ glorified not himself to be made an high priest; but he that said unto him, Thou art my Son, to day have I begotten thee.

6 As he saith also in another place, Thou art a priest for ever after the order of Melchisedec.

There is no coincidence that Abraham, the father who sought for the blessings of the fathers, is mentioned so much in D&C 132. We get too hung up on plural marriage sometimes that we miss the beautiful truths about the priesthood and the everlasting covenant.

28 I am the Lord thy God, and will give unto thee the law of my Holy Priesthood, as was ordained by me and my Father before the world was.

29 Abraham received all things, whatsoever he received, by revelation and commandment, by my word, saith the Lord, and hath entered into his exaltation and sitteth upon his throne.

30 Abraham received promises concerning his seed, and of the fruit of his loins—from whose loins ye are, namely, my servant Joseph—which were to continue so long as they were in the world; and as touching Abraham and his seed, out of the world they should continue; both in the world and out of the world should they continue as innumerable as the stars; or, if ye were to count the sand upon the seashore ye could not number them.

31 This promise is yours also, because ye are of Abraham, and the promise was made unto Abraham; and by this law is the continuation of the works of my Father, wherein he glorifieth himself.

32 Go ye, therefore, and do the works of Abraham; enter ye into my law and ye shall be saved.

As we enter into the law of the Melchizedek Priesthood, we like Joseph Smith, are the seed of Abraham and the same promises apply to us. That is, as Abraham's seed, our seed will also perpetuate into the eternities. This is how the priesthood and the covenant are preserved, from father to son becoming kings and princes. It is perhaps confusing then that Paul states:

Without father, without mother, without descent, having neither beginning of days, nor end of life; but made like unto the Son of God; abideth a priest continually. (Hebrews 7:3)

From the context, it seems like Paul describes Melchizedek here. But Joseph Smith clarifies and explains that this does not apply to the person, Melchizedek, but rather his priesthood.

For this Melchizedek was ordained a priest after the order of the Son of God, which order was without father, without mother, without descent, having neither beginning of days, nor end of life. And all those who are ordained unto this priesthood are made like unto the Son of God, abiding a priest continually. (JST Hebrews 7:3)

Early Christian extra-Biblical sources show that there was a great deal of confusion back then as well. Some considered Melchizedek as a divine figure and perhaps even the pre-mortal Christ himself. Others considered him just a mortal man, although a righteous high priest. I think the confusion comes from the fact that Melchizedek became the archetype of a priesthood holder after the order of the Son of God. Epitomizing this order, the man and the priesthood got confused as the tradition was passed down, scriptures were lost and perhaps deliberately changed. This is just my theory anyway.

The point is that the priesthood itself is eternal, without father and descent, while those who enter into this order become part of an eternal chain of father and descent. They are the seed of Father Abraham (who sought the blessings of his fathers) and receive the promise that their seed shall continue "out of the world". They become princes of peace and kings of righteousness, like Abraham and Melchizedek, receiving all these promises that are too great to fully comprehend.

Let me just add as a final note that I think princess, queen and priestess applies just as much. Despite the technicalities of the patriarchal order where men are ordained at least here on earth, the promises and blessings apply in equal measure and women obviously have a sacred role in the "continuation of the seeds for ever and ever" (D&C 132:19).