I came across an interesting quote in the book 70 Hebrew Words Every Christian Should Know by Matthew Schlimm (p. 79) regarding the Hebrew word "hoy" (often translated "woe/alas"):
My primary point is that when those to whom the prophets preached the initial exclamation, 'hoy!", they would have immediately associated this mentally and emotionally with mourning for the dead. The association of hoy with lamentation would have been especially striking to the listeners, for it would have brought into vivid relief the pronouncement of Israel's death." - James Williams
I've been studying about the "way of death" a lot lately, so this detail caught my attention. Hoy (and the closely related word oy) is meant to signal spiritual peril.
There are two details about the biblical use of the words "woe" and "alas" that I wanted to compare to the Book of Mormon usage:
- "Woe" is used in association with lamentation, specifically related to death.
- 68 of 77 uses of "woe" and "alas" are spoken by prophets
How does this compare to the Book of Mormon?
First of all, "alas" is not found in the Book of Mormon, so that takes care of that. As it relates to "woe/wo," we find that the vast majority of uses of the word are found in the form of a warning voice from a prophet. Here is a sampling:
Nephi:
15 O the , and the learned, and the rich, that are puffed up in the of their , and all those who preach , and all those who commit , and pervert the right way of the Lord, , wo, wo be unto them, saith the Lord God Almighty, for they shall be thrust down to hell! 16 Wo unto them that aside the just for a thing of naught and against that which is good, and say that it is of no worth! For the day shall come that the Lord God will speedily visit the inhabitants of the earth; and in that day that they are ripe in iniquity they shall perish. ... 24 Therefore, wo be unto him that is at in Zion! 25 Wo be unto him that crieth: All is well! 26 Yea, wo be unto him that unto the precepts of men, and denieth the power of God, and the gift of the Holy Ghost! 27 Yea, wo be unto him that saith: We have received, and we no more! 28 And in fine, wo unto all those who tremble, and are because of of God! For behold, he that is built upon the it with gladness; and he that is built upon a sandy foundation trembleth lest he shall fall. 29 Wo be unto him that shall say: We have received the word of God, and we of the word of God, for we have enough! (2 Nephi 28)
Jacob:
27 But wo unto him that has the given, yea, that has all the commandments of God, like unto us, and that them, and that the days of his , for awful is his state! (2 Nephi 9; see also vv. 30-38)
Isaiah:
20 Wo unto them that good, and good evil, that put for light, and light for darkness, that put bitter for sweet, and sweet for bitter! (2 Nephi 15)
Mormon:
5 unto him that at the doings of the Lord; yea, wo unto him that shall the Christ and his works! 6 Yea, unto him that shall deny the revelations of the Lord, and that shall say the Lord no longer worketh by revelation, or by prophecy, or by , or by tongues, or by healings, or by the power of the Holy Ghost! 7 Yea, and wo unto him that shall say at that day, to get , that there can be wrought by Jesus Christ; for he that doeth this shall become unto the son of perdition, for whom there was no mercy, according to the word of Christ! (3 Nephi 29)
Samuel the Lamanite:
11 But if ye will repent and unto the Lord your God I will turn away mine anger, saith the Lord; yea, thus saith the Lord, blessed are they who will repent and turn unto me, but wo unto him that repenteth not. ... 24 Yea, wo unto this people, because of this time which has arrived, that ye do the prophets, and do mock them, and cast stones at them, and do slay them, and do all manner of iniquity unto them, even as they did of old time. (Helaman 13)
Moroni:
24 And now I speak unto all the ends of the earth—that if the day cometh that the power and gifts of God shall be done away among you, it shall be of . 25 And wo be unto the children of men if this be the case; for there shall be that doeth good among you, no not one. For if there be one among you that doeth good, he shall work by the power and gifts of God. 26 And wo unto them who shall do these things away and die, for they in their , and they cannot be saved in the kingdom of God; and I speak it according to the words of Christ; and I lie not. (Moroni 10)
I can't say that I'm surprised by any of this, but it was a good reminder that when we read the word "wo" in the Book of Mormon, we should associate that with a prophetic warning about how to avoid the way of death.